From the journal archive. This article reflects conditions and outlook at its publication date.
Production under pressure
Agriculture faced damage to silos, processing and transport, Black Sea port blockades, lower output, and rising fertilizer, seed and fuel costs.
Workforce disruption
Enlistment and displacement reduce planting and harvest labour, affecting domestic and global food supply.
Routes and support
Land corridors through neighbouring European countries offer alternatives. International financial aid, technology transfer and logistics support continued operations.
Adaptation
A stronger domestic-market focus, reduced export dependency and new farming technology support adaptation. Resilience, international cooperation and strategic adjustment provide foundations for recovery.